Gynaecological cancers

Gynaecological cancers are a group of cancers that develop in a woman's reproductive system. These cancers affect the organs like the cervix, ovaries, uterus, vagina, and vulva. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving the prognosis of these cancers.

Symptoms:

Symptoms of gynaecological cancers can vary depending on the affected organ and stage of the disease. Some general signs to be aware of include:

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding (bleeding between periods, after menopause, or during intercourse)
• Pelvic pain
• Unusual vaginal discharge
• Pain during urination
• A lump in the pelvic region
• Unexplained weight loss or fatigue

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of gynaecological cancers often involves a combination of procedures:

• Pelvic exam: A physical examination to assess the health of the reproductive organs.
• Pap test:  A screening test to detect abnormal cells in the cervix that could potentially turn cancerous.
• Imaging tests: Ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI scan to visualize the internal organs and identify any abnormalities.
• Biopsy: A tissue sample is extracted and examined under a microscope to confirm the presence and type of cancer cells.

Risk Factors

Certain factors can increase the risk of developing gynaecological cancers:

• Family history: Having a close relative with a history of gynaecological cancer.
• HPV infection: Human Papillomavirus infection, particularly certain strains, is a significant risk factor for cervical cancer.
• Obesity: Being overweight or obese can increase the risk of developing various gynaecological cancers.
• Endometriosis: A condition where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus.
• Hormonal factors: Taking medications like tamoxifen for breast cancer can slightly elevate the risk of endometrial cancer.

Stages

Gynaecological cancer is staged based on the extent of the disease spread, ranging from stage I (confined to the organ of origin) to stage IV (spread to distant organs). Staging plays a crucial role in determining the most appropriate treatment approach and predicting prognosis.

Treatment

Treatment for gynaecological cancer may involve a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and hormone therapy, depending on the type and stage of cancer. The goal of treatment is to remove or destroy cancer cells while minimizing side effects and preserving reproductive function and quality of life whenever possible. Common treatment modalities include:

• Surgery: This may involve removal of the affected organ(s) or surrounding tissues.
• Radiation therapy: High-energy rays are used to target and destroy cancer cells.
• Chemotherapy: Anti-cancer drugs are administered to kill cancer cells throughout the body.
• Targeted therapy: Medications that target specific vulnerabilities in cancer cells.

Follow-up care

After completing primary treatment, ongoing follow-up care is essential for monitoring for recurrence, managing side effects, and addressing any physical or emotional concerns. Follow-up care may include regular check-ups, imaging tests, blood tests, and consultations with healthcare providers specializing in gynaecological oncology.

Prevention

While some risk factors are not controllable, certain measures can be helpful:

• HPV vaccination: Vaccination against certain strains of HPV can significantly reduce cervical cancer risk Maintaining a healthy weight.
• Regular Pap smears: As recommended by your doctor.
• Practicing safe: sex to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections.